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Annals of Occupational Hygiene Advance Access published online on March 2, 2004
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, doi:10.1093/annhyg/meh008
Copyright © 2004 by the British Occupational Hygiene Society.
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Received May 20, 2003
Accepted August 26, 2003

Article

Dermal Exposure During Filling, Loading and Brushing with Products Containing 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol

José H. J. Gijsbers 1*, Erik Tielemans 1, Derk H. Brouwer 1, Joop J. Van Hemmen 1

1 TNO Chemistry, Department of Chemical Exposure Assessment, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gijsbers{at}chemie.tno.nl.


  Abstract

Introduction: Limited quantitative information is available on dermal exposure to chemicals during various industrial activities. Therefore, within the scope of the EU-funded RISKOFDERM project, potential dermal exposure was measured during three different tasks: filling, loading and brushing. DEGBE (2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol) was used as a ‘marker’ substance to determine dermal exposure to the products that workers were handling.

Methods: Potential whole body exposure was measured using self-constructed cotton sampling pads on 11 body locations. Cotton gloves were used to determine the contamination of both hands. Bulk samples were collected to determine the concentration of DEGBE so as to be able to calculate exposure to the handled product.

Results: A total of 94 task-based measurements were performed, 30 on filling, 28 on loading and 36 on brushing, which resulted in potential dermal hand exposure to the handled product of 4.1-18 269 mg [geometric mean (GM) 555.4, n = 30], 0.3-27745 mg (GM 217.0, n = 28) and 11.3-733.3 mg (GM 98.4, n = 24) for each of the scenarios, respectively. Potential whole body exposure to the product during filling and loading ranged from 1.67 to 155.0 (GM 15.2, n = 9) and <LOD to 176.2 (GM 0.30, n = 10). Because of sampling and analytical problems, whole body exposure during brushing could not be determined.

Conclusion: Dermal exposure during filling and loading were of the same order of magnitude, while brushing resulted in much lower exposure levels, probably due to differences in work activities and work precision. For each of the scenarios, contamination was mainly found on the hands, representing up to 96% of the total exposure for filling. For filling and loading the most important source of variability in exposure was due to between-company variability rather than to either between-worker or within-worker variability. The pooled betweenworker variability was the most important source of variability in dermal exposure levels for the brushing scenario.

Keywords:brushing, dermal exposure, DEGBE, filling, glycolether, loading, variance components


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