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Ann. occup. Hyg., Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 157-163, 2002
© 2002 British Occupational Hygiene Society
Published by Oxford University Press

Article

Temperature Limit Values for Gripping Cold Surfaces

J. MALCHAIRE1,*, Q. GENG4, E. DEN HARTOG2, G. HAVENITH3, I. HOLMER4, A. PIETTE1, S. L. POWELL3, H. RINTAMÄKI5 and S. RISSANEN5

1Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30–38, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; 2TNO Human Factors Research Institute, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; 3Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK; 4National Institute for Working Life, Solna, Sweden; 5Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland

Received 11 July 2001; in final form 22 October 2001.

Objectives. At the request of the European Commission and in the framework of the European Machinery Directive, research was conducted jointly in five different laboratories to develop specifications for surface temperature limit values for the gripping and handling of cold items. Methods. Four hundred and fourteen experiments were run where male and female subjects were invited to grip for up to 20 min cold bars of different contact coefficients, i.e. polished wood, nylon, stone, steel and aluminium. The air temperature and the bars’ initial surface temperatures ranged between 0 and –30°C for the various experiments. While gripping the bars, either only the hand or the whole body was exposed to cold. Results. The data were used to develop a prediction formula and a graph of the surface temperature limit values in order for the skin contact temperature not to reach <15°C. This duration is shown to offer a significant degree of safety with respect to the minimal surface temperature spontaneously tolerated by the subjects. Conclusions. Experiments and modelling must be pursued to extend these data to other conditions of exposure.

Keywords: cold stress; gripping; contact temperature; machine safety


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