Ann. occup. Hyg., Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 69-77, 2002
© 2002 British Occupational Hygiene Society
Published by Oxford University Press
Article |
Application of Mixed-effects Models for Exposure Assessment
1Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2The Department of Epidemiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; 3EMGO Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Received 16 October 2000; in final form 20 June 2001.
The benefits of using linear mixed-effects models for occupational exposure assessment were studied by re-analysing three data sets from two published surveys with repeated exposure measurements. The relative contributions of particular characteristics affecting exposure levels were assessed as in a multiple regression model, while controlling for the correlation between repeated measurements. While one-way ANOVA allows one only to estimate unconditioned variance components, a mixed model enables estimation of between- and within-worker variance components of exposure levels while accounting for the fixed effects of work characteristics. Consequently, we can identify the work characteristics affecting each variance component. Mixed models were applied to the data sets with repeated measurements and auxiliary information on work characteristics. The between-worker variance components were reduced by 35, 66 and 80%, respectively, in the three data sets when work characteristics were taken into account. The within-worker (day-to-day) variability was reduced only in the pig farmer data set, by 25%, when accounting for work activities. In addition, coefficients of work characteristics from the mixed model were compared with coefficients resulting from originally published multiple linear regression models. In the rubber manufacturing data, the coefficients of the mixed model showed similar relative importance, but were generally smaller than the coefficients from regression models. However, in the pig farm data, only the coefficients of work activities were somewhat reduced. The mixed model is a helpful tool for estimating factors affecting exposure and suitable variance components. Identifying the factors in the working environment that affect the between-worker variability facilitates a posteriori grouping of workers into more uniformly exposed groups. Identifying the factors that affect the within-worker variance is helpful for hazard control and in designing efficient sampling schemes with reference to time schedule.
Keywords: mixed-effects models; exposure assessment
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