Annals of Occupational Hygiene Advance Access originally published online on May 5, 2006
Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2006 50(7):657-664; doi:10.1093/annhyg/mel023
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Exposure to Antineoplastic Drugs Outside the Hospital Environment
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +31 30 2539440; fax: +31 30 2539499; e-mail: h.kromhout{at}iras.uu.nl
Objectives: The objectives were (i) to identify occupational populations outside hospitals working with antineoplastic drugs, (ii) to determine the size of the populations ‘at risk’, (iii) to identify major determinants and routes of exposure outside hospitals and (iv) to estimate exposure levels and frequencies relative to levels found in hospitals.
Methods: The survey consisted of two phases; (i) identification of activities with potential exposure to antineoplastic drugs by literature review, interviews, questionnaires and workplace visits, (ii) exploratory measurements of exposure and surface contamination in selected sectors.
Results: Eight sectors were identified with potential exposure to antineoplastic drugs: pharmaceutical industry, pharmacies, universities, veterinary medicine, nursing homes, home care, laundry facilities, and waste treatment. Four sectors were of primary concern: veterinary medicine, home care, nursing homes and industrial laundries. The populations potentially exposed in these sectors vary considerably (from several tens to thousands of workers), as do their levels of exposure. Exposure measurements collected in the veterinary medicine sector showed that workers are indeed exposed to antineoplastic drugs and, in some cases (on gloves after administration), levels were 15 times higher than levels measured during administration in hospitals. Workers sorting contaminated hospital laundry in industrial laundry facilities were exposed to antineoplastic drugs through inhalation. For the home care and nursing homes sectors the highest exposure levels were found when cleaning toilets and washing treated patients. These two sectors are expected to have the largest exposed population (5000–10 000 individuals).
Conclusions: This study has resulted in a comprehensive overview of populations with potential exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Exposure levels can potentially be high compared with the hospital environment, because exposure routes are complex and awareness of the hazard (and therefore use of protective measures) is low. The number of individuals outside hospitals in The Netherlands exposed to antineoplastic drugs is estimated to be between 5000 and 15 000.
Keywords: antineoplastic drugs • home care • industrial laundry facilities • nursing homes • occupational exposure • veterinary medicine