Annals of Occupational Hygiene Advance Access originally published online on February 9, 2005
Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2005 49(5):393-400; doi:10.1093/annhyg/meh108
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© 2005 British Occupational Hygiene Society Published by Oxford University Press
Original Article |
Influence of Seasons and Sampling Strategy on Assessment of Bioaerosols in Sewage Treatment Plants in Switzerland
1 Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Rue du Bugnon 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; 2 Abteilung für Arbeits- und Umweltmedizin, Institut für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin und medizinische Poliklinik, Sumatrastrasse 30, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland
* Author to whom Correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 21 314 74 16; fax: +41 21 314 74 30; e-mail: Anne.Oppliger{at}hospvd.ch
An assessment of sewage workers' exposure to airborne cultivable bacteria, fungi and inhaled endotoxins was performed at 11 sewage treatment plants. We sampled the enclosed and unenclosed treatment areas in each plant and evaluated the influence of seasons (summer and winter) on bioaerosol levels. We also measured personal exposure to endotoxins of workers during special operation where a higher risk of bioaerosol inhalation was assumed. Results show that only fungi are present in significantly higher concentrations in summer than in winter (2331 ± 858 versus 329 ± 95 CFU m–3). We also found that there are significantly more bacteria in the enclosed area, near the particle grids for incoming water, than in the unenclosed area near the aeration basins (9455 ± 2661 versus 2435 ± 985 CFU m–3 in summer and 11 081 ± 2299 versus 2002 ± 839 CFU m–3 in winter). All bioaerosols were frequently above the recommended values of occupational exposure. Workers carrying out special tasks such as cleaning tanks were exposed to very high levels of endotoxins (up to 500 EU m–3) compared to routine work. The species composition and concentration of airborne Gram-negative bacteria were also studied. A broad spectrum of different species within the Pseudomonadaceae and the Enterobacteriaceae families were predominant in nearly all plants investigated.
Keywords: airborne bacteria • airborne fungi • endotoxin • occupational health • wastewater
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