Annals of Occupational Hygiene Advance Access originally published online on August 3, 2004
Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2004 48(6):565-578; doi:10.1093/annhyg/meh044
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© 2004 British Occupational Hygiene Society Published by Oxford University Press;
Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure Among Asphalt Paving Workers
1 Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; 2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC 20210, USA; 3 University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: mmcclean{at}hsph.harvard.edu
Received 6 January 2003; in final form 30 December 2003
Objectives: Using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as a measure of total absorbed dose, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the total effect of inhalation and dermal PAH exposures while considering other factors such as age, body mass index and smoking that may also have a significant effect on urinary 1-OHP.
Methods: The study population included two groups of highway construction workers: 20 paving workers and 6 milling workers. During multiple consecutive workshifts, personal air and dermal samples were collected from each worker and analyzed for pyrene. During the same work week, urine samples were collected pre-shift, post-shift and at bedtime each day and analyzed for 1-OHP. Distributed lag models were used to evaluate the independent effect of inhalation and dermal exposures that occurred at each of several preceding exposure periods and were used to identify the relevant period of influence for each pathway.
Results: The paving workers had inhalation (mean 0.3 µg/m3) and dermal (5.7 ng/cm2) exposures to pyrene that were significantly higher than the milling workers. At pre-shift on Monday morning, following a weekend away from work, the pavers and millers had the same mean baseline urinary 1-OHP level of 0.4 µg/g creatinine. The mean urinary 1-OHP levels among pavers increased significantly from pre-shift to post-shift during each work day, while the mean urinary 1-OHP levels among millers varied little and remained near the baseline level throughout the study period. Among pavers there was a clear increase in the pre-shift data during the work week, such that the average pre-shift level on day 4 (1.4 µg/g creatinine) was 3.5 times higher than the average pre-shift results on day 1 (0.4 µg/g creatinine). The results of the distributed lag model indicated that the impact of dermal exposure was approximately eight times the impact of inhalation exposure. Furthermore, dermal exposure that occurred during the preceding 32 h had a statistically significant effect on urinary 1-OHP, while the effect of inhalation exposure was not significant.
Conclusions: We found that distributed lag models are a valuable tool for analyzing longitudinal biomarker data and our results indicate that dermal contact is the primary route of exposure to PAHs among asphalt paving workers. An exposure assessment of PAHs that does not consider dermal exposure may considerably underestimate cumulative exposure and control strategies aimed at reducing occupational exposure to asphalt-related PAHs should include an effort to reduce dermal exposure.
Keywords: asphalt • dermal exposure • distributed lag models • hydroxypyrene • paving • pyrene
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