Ann. occup. Hyg., Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 285-297, 2004
© 2004 British Occupational Hygiene Society
Published by Oxford University Press
Patterns of Dermal Exposure to Hazardous Substances in European Union Workplaces
1 Health & Safety Executive, Magdalen House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle L20 3QZ, UK; 2 Health and Safety Laboratory, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; 3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Autopista de San Pablo s/n, PO Box 3037, 41080 Sevilla, Spain; 4 National Institute for Working Life, Programme for Chemical Exposure Assessment, PO Box 7654, SE-907 13 Umeå, Sweden; 5 Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80176, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 6 TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Chemical Exposure Assessment, PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands; 7 Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK; 8 Kuopio Regional Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 93, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland
Received 14 July 2003; in final form 23 December 2003
Workplace dermal exposure assessment is a complex task that aims to understand the dynamic interaction between the skin and the hazardous substances present in the surrounding environment. A European project known as RISKOFDERM gathered dermal exposure data in 85 workplaces (industrial and other types) in five countries in Europe. In order to optimize data collection and to develop a representative picture of dermal exposure, scenarios (tasks made up of a series of activities) were grouped together into dermal exposure operation units (DEOs). The allocation of scenarios to relevant DEOs was achieved on the basis of similarities of exposure routes, tasks and professional judgement. Sampling and quantification procedures were based on the approaches recommended by the OECD protocol. The laboratories involved in the analysis of the samples participated in quality assurance programmes. This exercise resulted in 419 body measurements and 437 measurements on hands expressed in terms of formulation (product) in use. Exposures for a given scenario varied by several orders of magnitude. The extent and patterns of exposure were found to be dependent on various exposure determinants, including inter- and intra-scenario variations. Hands were found to be the most contaminated parts of the body. Exposure patterns for liquid and solid contaminants were different. On the basis of the analysis of the data presented here, the averaged results (median and 95th percentile) for a given DEO unit should not be used as a representative measure of dermal exposure for all scenarios within that DEO without taking the exposure determinants into account. However, the data could be used to develop an exposure matrix (indicative exposure distributions) for different types of scenario and workplace, using determinants of exposure and a Bayesian approach to integrating expert opinion.
Keywords: dermal exposure; dip coating; hazardous substances; manual dispersion; patch sampling; skin; spray dispersion
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